Anti-CD34 Anticorpo [QBEnd-10] (A85659)

Selectins (E-, P-, and L-selectins) interact with glycoprotein ligands to mediate the essential tethering/rolling step in cell transport and delivery that captures migrating cells from the circulating flow. In this work, we developed a real time immunoprecipitation assay on a surface plasmon resonance chip that captures native glycoforms of two well known E-selectin ligands (CD44/hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) from hematopoietic cell extracts. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of their binding to E-selectin. We show that both ligands bind recombinant monomeric E-selectin transiently with fast on- and fast off-rates, whereas they bind dimeric E-selectin with remarkably slow on- and off-rates. This binding requires the sialyl Lewis x sugar moiety to be placed on both O- and N-glycans, and its association, but not dissociation, is sensitive to the salt concentration. Our results suggest a mechanism through which monomeric selectins mediate initial fast on and fast off kinetics to help capture cells out of the circulating shear flow; subsequently, tight binding by dimeric/oligomeric selectins is enabled to significantly slow rolling.

Adipogenesis is essential for soft tissue reconstruction following trauma or tumor resection. We demonstrate that CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells, a subpopulation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue, were robustly adipogenic. Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) promoted a lineage bias towards CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells at the expense of CD31(-)/34(+)/146(+) cells. IGF1 was microencapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds and implanted in the inguinal fat pad of C57Bl6 mice. Control-released IGF1 induced remarkable adipogenesis in vivo by recruiting endogenous cells. In comparison with the CD31(-)/34(+)/146(+) cells, CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells had a weaker Wnt/β-catenin signal. IGF1 attenuated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by activating Axin2/PPARγ pathways in SVF cells, suggesting IGF1 promotes CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) bias through tuning Wnt signal. PPARγ response element (PPRE) in Axin2 promoter was crucial for Axin2 upregulation, suggesting that PPARγ transcriptionally activates Axin2. Together, these findings illustrate an Axin2/PPARγ axis in adipogenesis that is particularly attributable to a lineage bias towards CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells, with implications in adipose regeneration.

Identification of a suitable cell source combined with an appropriate 3D scaffold is an essential prerequisite for successful engineering of skeletal tissues. Both osteogenesis and angiogenesis are key processes for bone regeneration. This study investigated the vascularization potential of a novel combination of human dental pulp stromal cells (HDPSCs) with 45S5 Bioglass® scaffolds for tissue-engineered mineral constructs in vivo and in vitro. 45S5 Bioglass scaffolds were produced by the foam replication technique with the standard composition of 45 wt% SiO2, 24.5 wt% Na2O, 24.5 wt% CaO, and 6 wt% P2O5. HDPSCs were cultured in monolayers and on porous 45S5 Bioglass scaffolds under angiogenic and osteogenic conditions for 2-4 weeks. HDPSCs expressed endothelial gene markers (CD34, CD31/PECAM1, and VEGFR2) under both conditions in the monolayer. A combination of HDPSCs with 45S5 Bioglass enhanced the expression of these gene markers. Positive immunostaining for CD31/PECAM1 and VEGFR2 and negative staining for CD34 supported the gene expression data, while histology revealed evidence of endothelial cell-like morphology within the constructs. More organized tubular structures, resembling microvessels, were seen in the constructs after 8 weeks of implantation in vivo. In conclusion, this study suggests that the combination of HDPSCs with 45S5 Bioglass scaffolds offers a promising strategy for regenerating vascularized bone grafts.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are soft-tissue sarcomas that can arise either sporadically or in association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). These aggressive malignancies confer poor survival, with no effective therapy available. We present the generation and characterization of five distinct MPNST orthoxenograft models for preclinical testing and personalized medicine. Four of the models are patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTX), two independent MPNSTs from the same NF1 patient and two from different sporadic patients. The fifth model is an orthoxenograft derived from an NF1-related MPNST cell line. All MPNST orthoxenografts were generated by tumor implantation, or cell line injection, next to the sciatic nerve of nude mice, and were perpetuated by 7-10 mouse-to-mouse passages. The models reliably recapitulate the histopathological properties of their parental primary tumors. They also mimic distal dissemination properties in mice. Human stroma was rapidly lost after MPNST engraftment and replaced by murine stroma, which facilitated genomic tumor characterization. Compatible with an origin in a catastrophic event and subsequent genome stabilization, MPNST contained highly altered genomes that remained remarkably stable in orthoxenograft establishment and along passages. Mutational frequency and type of somatic point mutations were highly variable among the different MPNSTs modeled, but very consistent when comparing primary tumors with matched orthoxenografts generated. Unsupervised cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) using an MPNST expression signature of ~1,000 genes grouped together all primary tumor-orthoxenograft pairs. Our work points to differences in the engraftment process of primary tumors compared with the engraftment of established cell lines. Following standardization and extensive characterization and validation, the orthoxenograft models were used for initial preclinical drug testing. Sorafenib (a BRAF inhibitor), in combination with doxorubicin or rapamycin, was found to be the most effective treatment for reducing MPNST growth. The development of genomically well-characterized preclinical models for MPNST allowed the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies for personalized medicine.

Cancer is associated with a profound perturbation in myelopoiesis that results in the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to promote disease progression. Recent studies in mice suggest that tumor-derived factors could regulate the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow and subsequently contribute to dysregulation of hematopoiesis. However, the nature and role of HPSCs in patients with cancer remain unknown. Here we show, in detailed studies of the peripheral blood from 133 untreated patients with seven different types of tumors, that the composition of circulating HSPCs was significantly altered in patients with solid tumors. The frequencies of circulating granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) were increased four to seven fold in all types of tumors examined, and the circulating hematopoietic precursors exhibited myeloid bias with a skew toward granulocytic differentiation in patients with solid tumors. These myeloid precursors are selectively enriched in tumor tissues, and the high levels of circulating GMPs were positively correlated with disease progression. By using cord blood-derived CD34(+) cells, we developed an in vitro short-term culture model to effectively induce the rapid generation of MDSCs. We found that, among the factors produced by various tumors, GM-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and IL-6 could not only promote the myeloid-biased differentiation, but also induce the differentiation of myeloid precursors into functional MDSCs. These findings suggest that the altered circulating HSPCs may serve as an important link between dysregulated bone marrow hematopoiesis and accumulated MDSCs in patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND:

Studies of primary patient tumor xenografts grown in immunodeficient mice have shown that these tumors histologically and genetically closely resemble the original tumors. These patient xenograft models are becoming widely used for therapeutic efficacy studies. Because many therapies are directed at tumor stromal components and because the tumor microenvironment also is known to influence the response of a tumor to therapy, it is important to understand the nature of the stroma and, in particular, the vascular supply of patient xenografts.

METHODS:

Patient tumor xenografts were established by implanting undisrupted pieces of patient tumors in SCID mice. For this study, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens from several types of solid tumors were selected and, using species-specific antibodies which react with formalin fixed antigens, we analyzed the species origin of the stroma and blood vessels that supported tumor growth in these models. Additionally, we investigated the kinetics of the vascularization process in a colon tumor and a mesothelioma xenograft. In mice bearing a head and neck xenograft, a perfusion study was performed to compare the functionality of the human and mouse tumor vessels.

RESULTS:

In patient tumors which successfully engrafted, the human stroma and vessels which were engrafted as part of the original tumor did not survive and were no longer detectable at the time of first passage (15-25 weeks). Uniformly, the stroma and vessels supporting the growth of these tumors were of murine origin. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the loss of the human vessels and vascularization by host vessels occurred more rapidly in a colon tumor (by 3 weeks) than in a mesothelioma (by 9 weeks). Finally, the perfusion studies revealed that while mouse vessels in the periphery of the tumor were perfused, those in the central regions were rarely perfused. No vessels of human origin were detected in this model.

CONCLUSIONS:

In the tumors we investigated, we found no evidence that the human stromal cells and vessels contained in the original implant either survived or contributed in any substantive way to the growth of these xenografts.

Approximately 50% of coronary artery bypass grafts using the autologous saphenous vein fail within 10 years due to intimal thickening. This study examined whether a gene therapy approach that selectively kills Wnt/β-catenin/T cell factor (TCF) activated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) using dominant-negative N-cadherin (dn-N-cadherin) reduced intimal thickening. Cultured human VSMCs infected with an adenovirus (Ad) encoding dn-N-cadherin via the TCF promoter (Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin) specifically expressed dn-N-cadherin in response to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin/TCF pathway. Infection with Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin significantly increased VSMC apoptosis (3 ± 0.2% versus 9 ± 0.7%; p < 0.05, n = 6) and significantly inhibited VSMC migration by 83 ± 15% (p < 0.05, n = 6), but did not affect VSMC proliferation (p > 0.05, n = 5). In an ex vivo human saphenous vein organ culture model, luminal delivery of Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin significantly increased VSMC apoptosis after 7 days of culture (4 ± 1.4% versus 9 ± 1.6%; p < 0.01, n = 6) and suppressed intimal thickening by 75 ± 7% (p < 0.05, n = 5), without a detrimental effect on endothelial cell coverage. In vivo, Ad-TOP-dn-N-cadherin significantly reduced intimal thickening at day 21 (n = 10) in comparison to the Ad-β-galactosidase (Ad-β-gal) control virus (n = 12, p < 0.05) in the mouse carotid artery ligation model. In summary, we have developed a novel approach to selectively reduce intimal thickening, which may be beneficial in reducing late vein graft failure.

Restenosis or occlusion after vascular procedures is ascribed to intimal hyperplasia. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is involved in recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) following arterial injury, and its release from latent TGF-binding protein by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14-induced proteolysis contributes to neointima formation. However, the relationship between MMP-14 and TGF-β1 activation in restenosis is unknown. This study investigated the relationship using a rat model of balloon-induced injury. Rats were assigned to vehicle-, SB431542 (SB)-, or recombinant human (rh)TGF-β1-treated groups and examined at various time points after balloon-induced injury for expression of TGF-β1/Smad signalling pathway components, MMP-14 and MSCs markers including Nestin, CD29, and Sca1(+)CD29(+)CD11b/c(-)CD45(-). Intimal hyperplasia was reduced in SB- and rhTGF-β1-treated rats. The expression of TGF-β1, TGF-β1RI, and Smad2/3 was decreased, but the levels of phosphorylated Smad2/3 were higher in SB-treated rats than vehicle-treated after 7 days to 14 days. rhTGF-β1 administration decreased the expression of TGF-β1/Smad pathway proteins, except for TGF-β1RI. Nestin and CD29 expression and the number of Sca1(+)CD29(+)CD11b(-)CD45(-) cells were reduced, whereas MMP-14 expression was increased after SB431542 and rhTGF-β1 administration. These results suggest that TGF-β1/Smad signalling and MMP-14 act to recruit MSCs which differentiate to vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal-like cells that participate in arterial repair/remodelling.

Previous studies have established the link between aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression and hypoxia in various neoplasms. However, how these hypoxia-related miRNAs modulate tumor progression is still unclear. Therefore, the patterns of miRNA in colorectal carcinoma cell lines in response to hypoxia or not were first screened and the hypoxia-induced repression of the miR-15-16 cluster was confirmed. Then, this repression was found to be associated with high tumor stage and poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma and is shown to promote tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by the loss of restriction of its target gene, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). Moreover, the general and alterative promoters of the miR-15-16 host (deleted in lymphocytic leukemia 2, DLEU2) were mapped, and three c-Myc/Max binding sites in response to the hypoxia-induced repression of miR-15-16 were further identified. Finally, an enhanced stability of c-Myc/Max heterodimer promoted by increased hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) was validated, and we also verified that the enhancement contributed to the hypoxia-induced repression of miR-15-16. In brief, the c-Myc-mediated transcriptional repression of miR-15-16 in hypoxia is induced by increased HIF-2α and promoted tumor angiogenesis and hematogenous metastasis by the further loss of post-transcriptional inhibition of FGF2. Our study provides a better understanding of the coping mechanisms in response to tumor hypoxia and may be helpful in developing an effective prognostic marker or treatment target against solid tumors.

VEGF plays a role in bone remodeling. Ingrowth of reparative arterioles can be observed in late-stage osteonecrosis. To explore the reparative processes, we quantified the most important angiogenesis factor (VEGF) in different zones of late-stage glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis. We treated primary nonosteonecrosis osteoblasts with glucocorticoids in vitro as a model for the bone cells in early-stage steroid-related osteonecrosis. We obtained six late-stage (ARCO Stage IV) osteonecrosis femoral heads and six osteoarthritic femoral heads during THA. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was analyzed by reverse-transcription PCR, ELISA, or immunohistochemistry. Osteoblasts from the reactive interface (penumbra) of osteonecrosis femoral heads exhibited increased immunoreactivity to VEGF compared to those from the periphery. ELISA confirmed VEGF upregulation in the penumbra from osteonecrosis femoral heads. Primary osteoblasts derived from osteoarthritic femoral heads exhibited downregulation of VEGF after 24 hours of coincubation with glucocorticoids. The increase in VEGF in the reactive interface (penumbra) of osteonecrosis in late-stage femoral head may reflect a secondary phenomenon. The observed high amount of VEGF in later-stage osteonecrosis might stimulate the ingrowth of reparative arterioles into the femoral head.

Gliomas are the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system in adults. The most prevalent and aggressive subclass of these is glioblastoma multiforme, which is characterized by massive neovascularization. Endosialin (CD248) has generated interest as a target for antiangiogenic therapy following reports that its expression is upregulated on angiogenic endothelial cells. We demonstrate here that endosialin is not expressed in normal human adult brain but is strongly upregulated in the angiogenic vasculature of all high-grade glioma specimens examined. However, by taking advantage of a technique which allows for multiple fluorescent labeling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival sections, we demonstrate unambiguously that endosialin is not expressed by the glioma endothelial cells but on closely associated perivascular cells. With increasing awareness that targeting pericytes is an attractive adjunct in antiangiogenic therapy, this finding has important implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in these highly vascularized tumors.

In 141 adult patients with diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia the overall expression and intensity of expression of CD34 antigen on leukemic cells was investigated. Myeloid blasts were tested by applying direct immunofluorescence staining using anti-CD34 fluorescein monoclonal antibody in flow cytometry. CD34 antigen was found in 73 out of 141 (51%) cases and in particular in M0, M1 and M4 French-American-British (FAB) cytotypes, while M3 and M5 cases were rarely positive. In patients whose blasts expressed CD34 antigen a significantly lower rate of complete remission (CR) was observed as opposed to CD34 negative cases (61% vs 88%) (P = 0.001). Furthermore, a negative correlation between high intensity of CD34 expression, measured as a mean fluorescence index (MFI), and CR rate was observed. In particular, patients with a higher CD34 fluorescence intensity (MFI > 23), showed a further reduction in CR rate (48%). Also, these patients had a significantly lower overall survival (P = 0.03) as compared to patients with no expression of CD34 and patients with CD34 MFI < 23. In conclusion, these findings confirm that CD34 expression is frequently associated with "immature" FAB cytotypes (M0, M1 and M4) and with a reduced probability to achieve CR. Furthermore, a high CD34 intensity of expression should be considered as a reliable poor prognostic factor.

The immunoreactivity of a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium. QBEND/10, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from a variety of vascular and lymphatic tumours is described and compared to that of two other endothelial markers, von Willebrand factor and Ulex europaeus agglutinin, type 1. All the benign tumours of blood vascular origin showed immunoreactivity whereas only five out of eight lymphangiomas demonstrated a weak focal reaction with QBEND/10. Primitive lumina in epithelioid and spindle cell haemangioendotheliomas were highlighted in all the cases. Tumour cells in angiosarcoma forming vasoformative areas and solid areas showed immunopositivity to QBEND/10 in 17/23 and 13/24 cases respectively, and complementary immunoreactivity for von Willebrand factor was observed. Proliferating vessels and the majority of spindle cells in Kaposi's sarcoma were positive in all 40 cases. Only one of 54 cases of carcinoma showed luminal reaction to QBEND/10. However, 17 of 45 spindle cell tumours displayed a positive reaction. QBEND/10 is an additional marker for demonstrating endothelial differentiation and has some advantages over currently available antibodies.

AIM:

To investigate the effect of Golgi phosphorylation protein 3 (GOLPH3) expression on cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS:

The expression of GOLPH3 in CRC tissues and normal colorectal mucosae was determined by immunohistochemistry in 62 patients. In addition, immunohistochemistry was also carried out to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34 and microvessel density (MVD). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay was used to determine the apoptotic index (AI). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the relationship between GOLPH3 expression and survival in another 123 CRC cases.

RESULTS:

Compared with normal colorectal mucosae, a notably higher level of GOLPH3 protein expression was identified in CRC tissues (53.2% vs 24.2%, P < 0.05). Positive GOLPH3 expression was significantly associated with tumor invasion depth, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001; P = 0.020; P = 0.020; P < 0.05, respectively), but not with tumor length, tumor site, and age (P = 0.363; P = 0.819; P = 0.599; P > 0.05, respectively). VEGF expression and MVD in GOLPH3-positive CRC was significantly higher than in GOLPH3-negative CRC (VEGF: 69.7% vs 31.0%; MVD: 21.45 ± 9.39 vs 14.24 ± 8.97; P < 0.05). GOLPH3 expression was negatively correlated with AI in CRC as shown by Spearman correlation analysis (r = -0.320, P < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate in GOLPH3-negative CRC (69.4%) was significantly higher than in GOLPH3-positive CRC (48.6%) (log-rank test, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

High expression of GOLPH3 is found in CRC tissues. GOLPH3 expression may be a novel prognostic marker for CRC patients.

AIM:

To describe the way stations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) uptake and its lipid exchange in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS:

A combination of fluorescence microscopy using novel fluorescent cholesterol surrogates and electron microscopy was used to analyze HDL endocytosis in great detail in primary human endothelial cells. Further, HDL uptake was quantified using radio-labeled HDL particles. To validate the in vitro findings mice were injected with fluorescently labeled HDL and particle uptake in the liver was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy.

RESULTS:

HDL uptake occurred via clathrin-coated pits, tubular endosomes and multivesicular bodies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. During uptake and resecretion, HDL-derived cholesterol was exchanged at a faster rate than cholesteryl oleate, resembling the HDL particle pathway seen in hepatic cells. In addition, lysosomes were not involved in this process and thus HDL degradation was not detectable. In vivo, we found HDL mainly localized in mouse hepatic endothelial cells. HDL was not detected in parenchymal liver cells, indicating that lipid transfer from HDL to hepatocytes occurs primarily via scavenger receptor, class B, type I mediated selective uptake without concomitant HDL endocytosis.

CONCLUSION:

HDL endocytosis occurs via clathrin-coated pits, tubular endosomes and multivesicular bodies in human endothelial cells. Mouse endothelial cells showed a similar HDL uptake pattern in vivo indicating that the endothelium is one major site of HDL endocytosis and transcytosis.

PURPOSE:

We assess the neovascularity of clinically localized prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody CD34 in an attempt to identify associations between angiogenesis and disease progression following radical prostatectomy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Microvascularity was evaluated using the CD34 monoclonal antibody in archival paraffin embedded radical prostatectomy specimens from 149 patients followed from 3 to 10 years (mean 6.6). Vessels were quantified by counting a minimum of 2 selected microscopic fields (200x, 0.754 mm.2) from each tumor, area of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic hyperplasia, and given a numerical value representing the microvessel density count.

RESULTS:

Mean microvessel density count did not vary significantly with age or race. There was a significant association between the count and nuclear grade, Gleason sum and pathological stage. Cox survival analysis shows that microvessel density is significantly related to time to recurrence when considered as a continuous variable (p=0.03) as well as dichotomous variable (p=0.007) (microvessel density count less than 90 and 90 or greater). The 5-year recurrence-free survival was significantly higher for patients with a count less than 90 (71%) than for those with a count 90 or greater (51%) (p=0.006). The 5-year recurrence-free survival was also significantly different when microvessel density was used as a continuous variable (p=0.02). Controlling for stage, Gleason sum, race and nuclear grade, microvessel density remained significant in predicting recurrence (p=0.03) but when pretreatment prostate specific antigen was included in the model the count was no longer significant. The microvessel density count in the tumor area significantly increased with increasing Gleason sum and nuclear grade but it did not increase significantly in the adjacent benign prostate or areas of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the same specimen.

CONCLUSIONS:

Microvascularity or neovascularity as measured by the CD34 antigen may be a prognostic marker of recurrence for prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy but more study in prostate specific antigen era patients with sufficient followup is needed.