Cell and organelle protein markers are essential tools in cell biological research, allowing researchers to identify, characterize, and study specific cells or subcellular structures and organelles. Some of the key protein markers commonly used in cell biology research include: 1) cluster of Differentiation (CD) markers, cell surface proteins used to identify and classify different cell types within a tissue or organism. These markers are often detected using antibodies specific to CD antigens. For example, CD4 and CD8 are widely used to distinguish T helper and cytotoxic T cells, respectively; 2) actin and tubulin, actin and tubulin are major components of the cytoskeleton, providing structural support and facilitating cell movement. Antibodies against actin and tubulin are commonly used to label and visualize the cytoskeleton, enabling studies on cell shape, migration, and division; 3) histone proteins, which are proteins that play a crucial role in DNA packaging and chromatin structure. Antibodies against various histone proteins, such as histone H3 or histone H4, are used to study chromatin organization, histone modifications, and gene expression regulation; 4) cytokeratins, which are intermediate filament proteins primarily found in epithelial cells. They are used as markers to identify and characterize epithelial tissues and to distinguish epithelial tumours from other types of cancers. Different cytokeratin isoforms can indicate specific types of epithelial cells; 5) vimentin, which is an intermediate filament protein found in mesenchymal (fibroblastic) cells. It serves as a marker for mesenchymal or fibroblast-like cells and is often used to distinguish epithelial cells from mesenchymal cells during the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Other markers are used by researchers to mark the location of various substructures and organelles within cells. These include, for example: 1) mitochondrial markers, several proteins are specifically localized to mitochondria and can serve as markers for these organelles. Examples include cytochrome c, which is involved in the electron transport chain, and Tom20, a translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane; 2) golgi markers, golgi apparatus-specific proteins, such as Golgin-97 or GM130, are commonly used markers to identify and study the Golgi apparatus. These proteins are involved in Golgi structure and vesicle trafficking; 3) lysosomal markers, these include Lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs), commonly used as markers for lysosomes. LAMP1 and LAMP2 are integral membrane proteins embedded within the lysosomal membrane and are used to visualize and study lysosomal compartments; 4) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers, several protein markers are used to identify and localize various compartments of the ER., including calreticulin, a calcium-binding protein found primarily in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an oxidoreductase enzyme found in the ER lumen and BiP/GRP78: BiP (Binding Immunoglobulin Protein) or GRP78 (Glucose-Regulated Protein 78) an ER chaperone protein located in the ER lumen that assists in protein folding and plays a crucial role in the unfolded protein response (UPR); 5) peroxisomal markers, proteins such as catalase or PEX14 are commonly used as markers for peroxisomes and aid in identifying and studying peroxisomal structure and function. We provide a wide product catalogue of research tools for investigating cellular markers, including Ki67 antibodies, BrdU antibodies, PCNA antibodies, and NuMA antibodies. Explore our full cellular markers product range below and discover more, for less.