RNA processing encompasses a variety of post-transcriptional modifications and maturation steps that transform precursor RNAs into functional, mature RNA molecules necessary for gene expression and regulation of other key processes. In eukaryotes, the 5' end of mRNA undergoes a capping process in which a 7-methylguanosine cap is added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA molecule during transcription. This cap structure protects the mRNA from degradation and is essential for translational initiation on ribosomes. RNA capping enzymes, such as RNA guanylyltransferase and RNA methyltransferase, catalyse the addition of the 5' cap. Polyadenylation-the addition of a polyadenylate (poly-A) tail to the 3' end of pre-mRNA- stabilizes the mRNA and is involved in translation termination and export from the nucleus. The polyadenylation complex, which includes the poly-A polymerase enzyme, adds the poly-A tail. Mutations in genes encoding components of this complex can lead to aberrant polyadenylation and mRNA instability. Most eukaryotic pre-mRNAs contain non-protein-coding regions termed introns that must be removed before the mRNA can be translated in a process known as RNA splicing. Introns are excised, and exons ligated together to form the mature mRNA. The spliceosome is the complex molecular machine responsible for RNA splicing and is composed of both RNA and protein molecules. The key RNA components are small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) called U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6, which are associated with specific protein complexes. The U1, U2, U4, and U6 snRNAs are part of the U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), respectively. Mutations in spliceosome components, or the recognition sequences within pre-mRNA, can lead to aberrant splicing, causing diseases like spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). RNA editing is a post-transcriptional processing modification altering the sequence of RNA. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing is a common form of RNA editing in mammals, catalysed by the ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) enzymes. Inosine in RNA is recognized as guanosine during translation. A-to-I editing can therefore alter protein-coding sequences and regulatory elements. Dysregulation of RNA editing has been linked to neurological disorders like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are essential for protein synthesis and undergo extensive processing, including cleavage, base modification, and pseudouridylation, to generate mature functional molecules. Ribonucleases and modification enzymes are involved in the processing and maturation of both tRNAs and rRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small RNA molecules that bind to target mRNAs inducing their degradation or translational repression. They are processed from longer precursor RNAs through a series of cleavage and maturation steps with DICER and Drosha key enzymes responsible for processing miRNA and siRNA precursors. Finally, RNA molecules can undergo methylation of specific nucleotides, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. RNA methylation plays a role in regulating mRNA stability, translation, and other cellular processes. The METTL3-METTL14 complex is an example of an m6A methyltransferase that catalyses m6A modification. Dysregulation of m6A modification has been implicated in cancer and neurological disorders. We offer a comprehensive product catalogue of research reagents for investigating RNA processing, including eIF4EBP1 antibodies, Nucleolin antibodies, TIA1 antibodies, Angiogenin ELISA Kits, and eIF4EBP1 ELISA Kits. Explore our full RNA processing product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Splicing and RNAi product ranges.