Cell type markers help identify different cell populations within the immune system. For example, the cluster of differentiation (CD) markers are proteins found on the surface of immune cells and named based on the monoclonal antibodies used to identify them. CD4 and CD8, for example, are commonly used markers used to differentiate T cells into helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, respectively. Another set of cell type markers are the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. MHC class I and II proteins are crucial for presenting antigens to T cells. MHC class I molecules display endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells, whilst MHC class II molecules are predominantly expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), presenting foreign antigens to helper T cells. For B cells, CD19 and CD20 are common markers used for isolating and studying B cell populations, with CD20 also used for therapeutic antibody targeting of B cells in certain B cell-related disorders. Natural killer (NK) cells, a component of the innate immune system, are distinguished by CD56 and CD16, with CD56 is expressed on both NK cells and a subset of T cells, with CD16 involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Dendritic cells (DCs), important in initiating immune responses by antigen presentation, are recognized by markers such as CD11c, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR which indicate the activation and antigen-presenting capacity of DCs. For myeloid cells, markers such as CD11b and CD14 and CD33 are used to identify monocytes and macrophages, contributing to studies on inflammation, tissue repair, and pathogen clearance. Distinguishing different T cell types is important for understanding the complexity of the immune response and its regulation. Various cell surface markers and cytokine profiles are used to differentiate and characterize different T cell subsets. For example, different populations of helper T cells (Th cells) express CD4 in addition to other markers. For example: 1) Th1 cells are characterized by the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and express the marker CXCR3; 2) Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and cells and express CRTH2; 3) Th17 cells produce IL-17 and express the markers CCR6 and CD161; 4) T follicular helper cells (Tfh), which provide activation signals to B cells in germinal centres, express the markers CXCR5 and PD-1. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in contrast, are involved in killing of infected or cancerous cells, express the marker CD8, and functional markers like perforin and granzyme B. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) such as naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) also express CD4 like helper T cells, but are involved in suppressing immune responses and characterized by expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 and the marker CD25 (IL-2 receptor alpha chain). Finally, both CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells are capable of rapid proliferation upon re-exposure to antigen and express the markers CD45RO and CCR7, whilst γδ T cells express a unique T cell receptor (TCR) composed of γ and δ chains and have functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. We provide a comprehensive product catalogue of research tools for investigating cell type markers, including CD45 antibodies, CD10 antibodies, CD34 antibodies, ICAM1 ELISA Kits, and CD26 ELISA Kits. Explore our full cell type markers product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our CD and Non CD product ranges.