Immune system diseases result from abnormalities in the immune system. They can manifest in various ways and include autoimmune diseases, allergies/hypersensitivity reactions, and immune system under- or overactivity. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Some examples include: 1) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), where the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and joint deformities; 2) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organs, leading to skin rashes, joint pain, and kidney dysfunction; 3) Type 1 Diabetes, where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions occur when the immune system excessively reacts to harmless substances, leading to allergies or allergic reactions. Key examples include allergic rhinitis (Hay Fever) where the immune system overreacts to pollen, triggering various symptoms, and anaphylaxis a severe allergic reaction triggered by foods, insect stings, or medications that can cause rapid breathing, low blood pressure, and shock. The molecular and cellular events underlying allergic rhinitis involve immune cells, antibodies, and inflammatory mediators. Exposure to an allergen activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells which process the allergens into peptides, presenting them to CD4+ T helper cells. Allergen exposure thereby primes the immune system to recognize and respond to that allergen. Upon re-exposure the allergen-specific CD4+ Th2 helper cells release interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-13 (IL-13). IL-4 then stimulates B cells to produce allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies which bind to IgE receptors (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils, two types of immune cells found in nasal tissues. Cross-linking of IgE antibodies with allergen on mast cells and basophils then triggers their degranulation, whereby various inflammatory mediators, including histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines are released. These factors then cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and activation of sensory nerves in the nasal passages, leading to the typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching. Immune deficiencies are characterized by a compromised immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Examples include Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), a rare genetic disorder resulting in a lack of functional immune cells, leaving individuals highly vulnerable to life-threatening infections, Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) a condition leading to reduced antibody production, increasing the risk of infections, and chronic infection with the HIV virus. Some immune disorders involve chronic inflammation that can damage tissues and organs. Examples of these conditions include: 1) Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), which involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhoea; 2) Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition result from immune cells attacking skin cells. Finally, certain immune deficiencies increase the risk of developing certain types of cancers. For instance, individuals with chronic immune suppression, such as organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs, have an increased risk of certain cancers, such as Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) and cervical cancer in women. We offer a wide product range of research reagents for investigating immune system diseases, including CD4 antibodies, PD-L1 antibodies, HLA G antibodies, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 beta ELISA Kits, and RANTES ELISA Kits. Explore our full immune system diseases product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Antiviral Signaling, Autoimmune, and Allergens product ranges.