Metabolism Processes

Metabolism is the set of biochemical processes that occur in living organisms that maintain life. In humans, metabolism involves a complex network of biochemical reactions that both converts nutrients from food into energy and provides essential molecules required for growth, repair, and various other physiological functions. Metabolism can be broadly categorized into two main processes: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism involves the breakdown of more complex molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, into simpler ones. This process releases energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Conversely, anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, generally requiring energy derived from ATP. Carbohydrates are the primary catabolic source of energy for the body. During glycolysis, glucose, a simple sugar, is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and reducing equivalents (NADH). If oxygen is available, pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle within the mitochondria, leading to the production of more ATP and additional reducing equivalents. Lipids, including triglycerides and cholesterol, also serve as important energy stores and structural components of cell membranes. Lipid catabolism involves the breakdown of triglycerides through lipolysis, releasing fatty acids and glycerol, used as energy sources. Fatty acids enter the mitochondria and undergo beta-oxidation, generating acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. These molecules then participate in the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, respectively, leading to the production of ATP. Proteins are vital for various cellular functions, including enzyme catalysis, transport, and structural support. During protein catabolism, proteins are broken down into amino acids through proteolysis. Moreover, amino acids can also be used as substrates for energy production, or as precursors for the synthesis of new proteins and other biomolecules.The body maintains energy homeostasis by regulating the storage and utilization of energy-rich molecules, such as glycogen and fat. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. When energy demands increase, glycogen is broken down through the process of glycogenolysis releasing glucose into the bloodstream for energy supply. Similarly, excess energy in the form of fatty acids is stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue, and lipolysis of triglycerides occurs when energy needs increase. Metabolism processes are tightly regulated by various hormones. Firstly, insulin produced by the pancreas, promotes glucose uptake by cells and facilitates energy storage. Conversely, glucagon, also from the pancreas, stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen stores and helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. Other hormones, such as thyroid hormones, growth hormone, and cortisol, also play crucial roles in modulating metabolic processes. Metabolism processes vary across different tissues and organs. For example, the liver is central to metabolism regulation, as it plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and detoxification of harmful substances. Adipose tissue, now considered an endocrine organ, is involved in lipid storage and in hormone secretion. For example, adipose tissue releases leptin a hormone that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy balance and adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing hormone that helps improve the body's sensitivity to insulin. We provide a wide product range of research tools for investigating metabolic processes, including Bcl-2 antibodies, Transferrin Receptor antibodies, AKT1 antibodies, Adiponectin ELISA Kits, and IL18 ELISA Kits. Explore our full metabolic processes product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Hypoxia, Apoptosis, and Autophagy & Mitophagy product ranges.

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