Drug Metabolism

Drug metabolism is a vital process for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. Whilst drug metabolism primarily focuses on mechanisms of drug transformation or clearance, drug metabolites also play roles in cell signalling and modulation of cellular processes. Drug metabolism involves various enzymatic reactions that transform drugs into metabolites that are more readily eliminated from the body. Major features of drug metabolism include: 1) Phase I reactions, which involve the modification of drugs through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. These reactions are primarily catalysed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which are responsible for the majority of drug metabolism. CYP enzymes introduce functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, amino) into the drug molecule, often resulting in the formation of more polar metabolites; 2) Phase II reactions (also known as conjugation reactions) which involve the attachment of endogenous molecules (e.g., glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione) to drug metabolites produced in Phase I reactions. These conjugations generally enhance the water solubility of the metabolites, facilitating their excretion. Enzymes such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), sulfotransferases (SULTs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) catalyse these reactions. Drug metabolism is influenced by various factors, including the ability of drugs themselves to induce or inhibit the activity of metabolizing enzymes. Enzyme induction can lead to increased metabolism of drugs, reducing their efficacy. Conversely, enzyme inhibition can result in decreased metabolism, leading to drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Traditionally, drug metabolites have been considered inactive by-products of drug metabolism. However, some drug metabolites can also modulate cellular signalling pathways and contribute to pharmacological effects. For example, in some cases, drug metabolism is required for the activation of prodrugs, which are inactive compounds that require metabolic conversion to exert their pharmacological effects. Prodrugs are designed to be relatively stable until they undergo biotransformation to release the active drug or a more potent metabolite. Examples include clopidogrel, which requires conversion to an active metabolite for antiplatelet activity, and codeine, which is converted to morphine for analgesic effects. Certain drug metabolites can also directly interact with cellular receptors, leading to activation or modulation of signalling pathways. For example, the active metabolite of the anticancer drug tamoxifen, endoxifen, exhibits higher affinity for estrogen receptors than the parent drug, contributing to its therapeutic efficacy. Some drug metabolites can also serve as precursors for the synthesis of signalling molecules in the body. For instance, the metabolism of arachidonic acid by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) leads to the production of bioactive lipid mediators called eicosanoids, which play important roles in inflammation and pain modulation. Drug metabolites can also influence the activity of enzymes involved in cell signalling pathways. For example, certain metabolites can act as activators or inhibitors of protein kinases or phosphatases, thereby modulating the phosphorylation state of proteins and regulating cellular signalling cascades. For example, the antidepressant drug paroxetine undergoes metabolism to form an active metabolite called (–)-paroxetine (also known as (-)-norparoxetine) which can activate the protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases. We provide a comprehensive product range of research tools for investigating drug metabolism, including Cytochrome P450 2D6 antibodies, MRP1 antibodies, Cytochrome P450 3A4 antibodies, NQO1 antibodies, and COMT antibodies. Explore our full drug metabolism product range below and discover more, for less.

Showing 1- of 668 Products
Western Blot - Anti-NQO1 Antibody (A82457) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Immunofluorescence - Anti-SERT Antibody - Antibodies.com (A104336)
(2)
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Western Blot - Anti-UGT1A1 Antibody (A9810) - Antibodies.com
(6)
Western Blot - Anti-NADPH oxidase 4 Antibody (A81032) - Antibodies.com
(5)
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Western Blot - Anti-PON1 Antibody [ARC2001] (A308894) - Antibodies.com
(6)
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Antibody (A16086) - Antibodies.com
(6)
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Western Blot - Anti-NNMT Antibody (A9963) - Antibodies.com
(5)
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Antibody [ARC1981] (A306367) - Antibodies.com
(5)
Western Blot - Anti-NQO1 Antibody [ARC56753] (A307961) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Immunohistochemistry - Anti-NADPH oxidase 4 Antibody [ARC55045] (A306595) - Antibodies.com
(6)
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 2E1 Antibody (A13920) - Antibodies.com
(5)
Western Blot - Anti-GCSm-gamma Antibody (R12-2157) - Antibodies.com
(5)
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Western Blot - Anti-CYP1B1 Antibody (A13441) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-CPA6 Antibody (A89961) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Immunohistochemistry - Anti-CYP26B1 Antibody (A84266)
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-FMO3 Antibody [ARC2377] (A306452) - Antibodies.com
(5)
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 2S1 Antibody (C12271) - Antibodies.com
(4)
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Western Blot - Anti-NADPH oxidase 4 Antibody (A13954) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-GABA-RB (phospho Ser434) Antibody (A0011) - Antibodies.com
(3)
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Western Blot - Anti-GSTM1 / GSTM2 Antibody (A83264) - Antibodies.com
Western Blot - Anti-GSTK1 Antibody (A14631) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence - Anti-SUR1 Antibody [S289-16] (A304817) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 1A2 Antibody (A17132) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-COMT Antibody (A83361) - Antibodies.com
(5)
Western Blot - Anti-NNMT Antibody (A92881) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-MRP1 Antibody [ARC52207] (A305805) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-Glutathione Synthetase Antibody (A92968) - Antibodies.com
(4)
View ProductKO Validated
Western Blot - Anti-PXR Antibody (A90294) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-Glutathione Synthetase Antibody (A90353) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-Constitutive androstane receptor Antibody (A93279) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-EPHX2 Antibody (A13722) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-ST Antibody (R12-2367) - Antibodies.com
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Western Blot - Anti-NQO1 Antibody [ARC56754] (A307963) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Immunohistochemistry - Anti-Cytochrome P450 2E1 Antibody (C12267) - Antibodies.com
(3)
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Western Blot - Anti-Constitutive androstane receptor Antibody (A13777) - Antibodies.com
(2)
Western Blot - Anti-UGT2B15 Antibody (A90742) - Antibodies.com
(4)
Western Blot - Anti-CYP2D6 Antibody [ARC1635] (A308397) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-MAOB Antibody (A82500) - Antibodies.com
(2)
Western Blot - Anti-MRP1 Antibody (A14309) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-COMT Antibody (A83269) - Antibodies.com
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Antibody (A305022) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-SMOX Antibody (A81080) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-ABCC11 Antibody (A82762) - Antibodies.com
(2)
Western Blot - Anti-NQO1 Antibody (A13483) - Antibodies.com
(3)
Western Blot - Anti-GSTM4 Antibody (A82971)
(3)
SDS-PAGE - Anti-Cytochrome P450 3A1 Antibody [P6] - BSA and Azide free (A254046) - Antibodies.com
Western Blot - Anti-UGT1A6 Antibody (A93347) - Antibodies.com
(3)
SDS-PAGE - Anti-Cytochrome P450 3A1 Antibody [P6] (A250866) - Antibodies.com
Western Blot - Anti-SRRT Antibody (A83137) - Antibodies.com
(2)
Western Blot - Anti-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Antibody (A84869)
(2)

Showing 1-50 of 668 products

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