Anti-CD59 Antibody [MEM-43] (FITC) (A85985)

Intermedilysin (ILY) is an unusual member of the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins because it binds to human CD59 (hCD59) rather than directly to cholesterol-rich membranes. Binding of ILY to hCD59 initiates a series of conformational changes within the toxin that result in the conversion of the soluble monomer into an oligomeric membrane-embedded pore complex. In this study the association of ILY with its membrane receptor has been examined throughout the assembly and formation of the pore complex. Using ILY mutants trapped at various stages of pore assembly, we show ILY remains engaged with hCD59 throughout the assembly of the prepore oligomer, but it disengages from the receptor upon the conversion to the pore complex. We further show that the assembly intermediates increase the sensitivity of the host cell to lysis by its complement membrane attack complex, apparently by blocking the hCD59-binding site for complement proteins C8alpha and C9.

Several human leucocyte surface glycoproteins and two lymphoid protein kinases were transiently expressed in monkey COS-7 fibroblastoid cells. All glycosylphospha-tidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (CD14, CD16B, CD48, CD59, CD87 and GPI-anchored versions of CD2 and CD25) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) Lck but not transmembrane proteins (CD2, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD8) and PTK ZAP-70 were in part localized in buoyant, lipid-rich, detergent-resistant membrane GPI-microdomains of the COS cells. Endogenous GPI-microdomains of COS cells appear to be, in contrast to those present in leucocytes, essentially devoid of associated PTKs. Our results indicate that GPI-anchor is sufficient to target proteins to these membrane specializations even if expressed ectopically. Moreover, the N-terminal double acylation of the PTK Lck appears to be functional also in COS cells and targets the enzyme to the membrane GPI-microdomains implicated in receptor signalling.

A monoclonal antibody MEM-43 was prepared, which recognizes an antigen expressed on all peripheral blood leucocytes, on erythrocytes and several cell lines, but is absent from U937, Nalm-6, Daudi and Raji cell lines. The antigen isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from several cell lines is an 18,000-25,000 mol. wt glycoprotein. An apparently identical antigen isolated from erythrocytes binds to several lectins and has a 14,000 mol. wt polypeptide backbone, modified by an endoglycosidase F-sensitive carbohydrate moiety. The epitope recognized is reduction-sensitive. The sequence of N-terminal 17 amino acid residues was determined; five out of six N-terminal amino acids are identical to those found at the N-terminus of the mouse lymphocyte surface antigen Ly-6C. The antigen is completely released from the cell surface after treatment with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.

The CD59 (MEM-43) antigen, which probably is a human homologue of mouse Ly-6 antigens, is a broadly expressed Mr 18,000-25,000 human leucocyte surface glycoprotein recognized by monoclonal antibody MEM-43. Ten mouse-human T-lymphocyte hybrids, carrying all mouse chromosomes and a limited number of human chromosomes, were analyzed for expression of CD59 by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblotting with MEM-43 antibody. Karyotypic analysis of the tested clones showed that the presence of human chromosome 11 correlated with the expression of CD59 in all clones tested. Three other human chromosome 11-encoded antigens, 4F2 (Trop-4), Leu 7 (HNK-1, CD57), and lymphocyte homing receptor, were expressed concordantly with CD59. A more exact localization of the gene for CD59 was obtained by the study of Chinese hamster-human cell hybrids containing short or long arm deletions of human chromosome 11. CD59 segregated with hybrids containing part of the short arm of human chromosome 11, but not with the hybrids containing the long arm. Based on these studies we assign the gene for CD59 to region p14-p13 of the short arm of chromosome 11.

Binding of ligand or antibody to certain cell-surface proteins that are anchored to the membrane by glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) can cause activation of leukocytes. However, it is not known how these molecules, which lack intracellular domains, can transduce signals. The GPI-linked human molecules CD59, CD55, CD48, CD24, and CD14 as well as the mouse molecules Thy-1 and Ly-6 were found to associate with protein tyrosine kinases, key regulators of cell activation and signal transduction. A protein tyrosine kinase associated with the GPI-linked proteins CD59, CD55, and CD48 in human T cells, and with Thy-1 in mouse T cells was identified as p56lck, a protein tyrosine kinase related to Src. This interaction of GPI-linked molecules with protein tyrosine kinases suggests a potential mechanism of signal transduction in cells.

A significant fraction of human glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored Ag CD59, CD55, CD48, and CDw52 is present in several cell lines tested (HPB-ALL, Jurkat, HL-60, Raji) in very large noncovalent complexes relatively resistant to dissociation by detergents. These complexes also contain some (glyco)lipids, such as these bearing the CD15, CDw17, and CDw65 determinants, and several intracellular components including protein tyrosine kinases and probably several of their potential substrates. Preclearing of the detergent lysates with different antibodies indicated that all these components are present jointly in a common single type of complexes the size of which is around 100 nm (molecular mass in the range of at least tens of thousands kilodaltons) as determined by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography. These results indicate the existence of cell-surface domains, specifically enriched in the above listed components, that may play a critical role in the so far poorly understood phenomenon of cell activation mediated through many different glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored (glyco)proteins and glycolipids.