Transcriptional elongation factors regulate RNA polymerase during the transcription of genes. These factors are involved in facilitating the progression of RNA polymerase along the DNA template strand, ensuring efficient transcription. Elongation Factors for RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) include TFIIS a well-studied elongation factor that plays a role in maintaining transcriptional fidelity. It facilitates the proofreading and correction of errors made during RNA synthesis by RNAPII. TFIIS acts by stimulating the intrinsic RNase activity of RNAPII, allowing the enzyme to cleave the nascent RNA strand when it becomes mis-incorporated or stalls. This cleavage activity removes the erroneous RNA and enables RNAPII to continue transcription accurately. TFIIF is instead involved in stabilizing the interaction between RNAPII and the DNA template. It also assists in the loading of RNAPII onto the DNA template during transcription initiation. TFIIF helps maintain the structural integrity of the transcription complex, ensuring that RNAPII efficiently progresses through the gene. DSIF (DRB Sensitivity-Inducing Factor) a complex that includes Spt4 and Spt5, can pause RNA polymerase II during transcription initiation but switches to an elongation-promoting role as transcription proceeds. It aids in the processivity of RNAPII and helps prevent premature termination. NELF (Negative Elongation Factor) is another complex involved in pausing RNA polymerase II shortly after initiation. Together with DSIF, it regulates promoter-proximal pausing, allowing for control of gene expression. Elongation Factors for RNA Polymerase I and III (RNAPI and RNAPIII) include TTF1 (Transcription Termination Factor 1) an elongation factor specific to RNA polymerase I (RNAPI). It helps RNAPI transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes efficiently by preventing transcriptional collisions and ensuring correct termination. TFIIS (Transcription Factor II S) plays a critical role in transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII). It enhances the efficiency of transcription termination and facilitates transcription through regions of DNA that may cause RNA polymerase stalling or arrest. Another eukaryotic elongation factor for RNA Polymerase II is Tat (Trans-Activator of Transcription). In HIV-1, the Tat protein acts as an elongation factor for RNAPII. It binds to the TAR element in nascent transcripts and recruits positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to stimulate transcriptional elongation. P-TEFb (Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b) is a kinase complex that includes Cyclin T1 and CDK9. It plays a role in releasing RNAPII from promoter-proximal pausing, allowing productive transcription elongation. This complex is targeted by factors like Tat during HIV-1 transcription. Other important elongation factors include: 1) SPT6 (Suppressor of Ty 6), a conserved transcription elongation factor in eukaryotes. It promotes the efficient progression of RNAPII through chromatin by facilitating histone displacement and reassembly; 2) FACT (Facilitates Chromatin Transcription), a complex containing SPT16 and SSRP1. It aids in nucleosome disassembly and reassembly during transcription elongation, ensuring RNAPII can move along the DNA template. Thus, transcriptional elongation factors are critical for regulating gene expression and ensuring the efficient transcription of genes. They act in various ways, including facilitating RNAPII processivity, overcoming transcriptional pauses, and preventing premature termination. We provide a wide product range of research tools for investigating transcriptional elongation factors, including KIAA1967 antibodies, and SSRP1 antibodies. Explore our full transcriptional elongation factors product range below and discover more, for less.