Unconjugated
The present study aims to investigate the pharmacological effect of the exopolysaccharides from Aphanothece halophytica GR02 (EPSAH) on the HeLa human cervical cancer cell line. HeLa cells were cultured in RPMI-1640-10% FBS medium containing with or without different concentrations of EPSAH. Cell viability was assessed by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Cell apoptosis was elevated with Wright-Giemsa staining, AO/EB double staining, and DNA fragmentation assay. Apoptosis-associated molecules from cultured HeLa cells were quantified using Western blot analysis. Our results suggest that EPASH induces apoptosis in HeLa cells by targeting a master unfolded protein response (UPR) regulator Grp78. Grp78 further promotes the expression of CHOP and downregulates expression of survivin, which leads to activate mitochondria-mediated downstream molecules and p53-survivin pathway, resulting in caspase-3 activation and causing apoptosis. These findings provide important clues for further evaluating the potential potency of EPSAH for use in cancer therapy.
To investigate the association of survivin -31G/C, -141G/C, and -241T/C polymorphisms with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility and explore the mechanisms of the survivin polymorphism in CRC development. A case-control study was conducted of 275 CRC cases and 270 healthy controls. Polymorphisms of survivin -31G/C, -141G/C, and -241T/C were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Survivin and Ki-67 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry by the Envision technique for the paraffin sections of 152 CRC. It showed that the -31G/C genotype and allele distribution were significantly different between the CRC cases and controls. The -31CC genotype and -31C allele were over-represented among the CRC cases. Compared with the CC genotype, the GC and GG genotypes had a significantly decreased risk of CRC (p=0.015). Survivin and Ki-67 expression of patients with the CC genotype was significantly higher than the patients with the GC and GG genotypes. In addition, a significantly positive correlation was found between expression of Survivin and Ki-67. There were no significant difference of the -141G/C and -241T/C polymorphism distributions among cases and controls. Survivin 31G/C may adjust the Survivin expression, and it might contribute to a risk of developing CRC.