Cell signalling pathways consist of intricate highly regulated networks of biochemical reactions that allow cells to communicate with one other and respond to various stimuli in their environment. These pathways play crucial roles in controlling many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and survival. One prominent set of signalling pathways are those involving activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RTKs are a class of cell surface receptors that become activated upon binding of specific ligands, such as growth factors. Ligand binding often induces receptor dimerization, leading to autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues within the receptor's cytoplasmic domain. These phosphorylated tyrosine residues act as docking sites for various signalling proteins or adaptors containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains, initiating intracellular signalling events. The activation of RTKs triggers multiple downstream signalling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Examples of RTKs include the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and the insulin receptor (IR). Other essential signalling pathways are those mediated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs). GPCRs are a large family, with around 800 functional members in the human genome, of cell surface receptors that are coupled to intracellular G proteins. When a ligand binds to a GPCR, it induces a conformational change in the receptor, allowing it to activate a specific G protein. Activated G proteins then modulate the activity of downstream effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and ion channels. For instance, the activation of GPCRs can lead to the production of second messengers, like cAMP and IP3. Examples of GPCRs include the beta-adrenergic receptor, which responds to adrenalin and regulates heart rate and blood pressure, and the rhodopsin receptor, which is involved in vision. Another critical signalling pathways involves the Wnt factors that regulate various developmental processes. Wnt proteins are secreted signalling molecules that bind to a receptor complex consisting of Frizzled (FZD) receptors and co-receptors of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) family, initiating intracellular signalling. Upon Wnt binding, the cytoplasmic protein β-catenin accumulates and translocates into the nucleus, where it interacts with transcription factors of the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family, modulating target gene expression. The Wnt pathway is crucial for embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, and tissue regeneration, with dysregulation of this pathway implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Finally, Notch signalling is a highly conserved pathway that also plays a critical role in cell fate determination and tissue development. Notch receptors and their ligands are transmembrane proteins that interact between neighbouring cells. The binding of a ligand to the Notch receptor initiates a series of proteolytic cleavages, releasing the intracellular domain of Notch, which then translocates to the nucleus and interacts with transcription factors, regulating the expression of target genes involved in cell differentiation and tissue patterning. Disruptions in Notch signalling can also lead to developmental defects and diseases, including certain types of cancer. We offer a wide product range of research tools for studying signaling pathways, including c-Jun antibodies, Estrogen Receptor alpha antibodies, NF-kB p65 antibodies, NF-kB p65 ELISA Kits, and c-Jun ELISA Kits. Explore our full signaling pathways product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our G Protein Signaling, Nuclear Signaling, and Calcium Signaling product ranges.