Anti-HLA G Anticorps [MEM-G/9] (A86211)

INTRODUCTION:

Follistatin-like-1 (FSTL1) is a widely expressed secreted protein with diverse but poorly understood functions. Originally described as a pro-inflammatory molecule, it has recently been reported to play a role in signaling pathways that regulate development and homeostasis. Distinctively, FSTL1 harbors within its 3'-UTR the sequence encoding microRNA-198 (miR-198), shown to be inversely regulated relative to FSTL1 expression and to exhibit opposite actions on cellular processes such as cell migration. We sought to investigate the expression of FSTL1 and to assess its interplay with miR-198 in human trophoblasts.

METHODS:

We used a combination of northern blot analyses, quantitative PCR, small RNA sequencing, western blot and immunohistochemistry to characterize FSTL1 and miR-198 expression in placental trophoblasts. We also used reporter assays to examine the post-transcriptional regulation of FSTL1 and assess its putative regulation by miR-198.

RESULTS:

We detected the expression of FSTL1 transcript in both the human extravillous trophoblast line HTR-8/SVneo and in primary term human villous trophoblasts. We also found that the expression of FSTL1 was largely restricted to extravillous trophoblasts. Hypoxia enhanced the expression of FSTL1 protein in cultured primary villous trophoblasts. Interestingly, we did not detect any evidence for expression or function of mature miR-198 in human trophoblasts.

DISCUSSION:

Our data indicate that placental FSTL1 is expressed particularly in extravillous trophoblasts. We also found no evidence for placental expression of miR-198, or for its regulation of FSTL1, implying that the post-transcriptional regulation of FSTL1 by miR-198 is tissue specific.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND:

In the early stages of human placentation, the decidua is invaded by fetal extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells. Interactions between EVT cells and local decidual leukocytes are likely to contribute to immunological accommodation of the semi-allogeneic fetus.

METHODS AND RESULTS:

Natural-killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) and 2B4 (CD244) are receptors ubiquitously expressed by the distinctive population of CD56 bright, uterine natural-killer cells, which dominate the decidua at the time of implantation. Here, we investigate the UL-16 binding protein (ULBP) and MHC class-I chain related molecule (MIC) ligands of NKG2D, the CD48 ligand of 2B4 and the non-classical HLA class-I molecule, HLA-F, at the maternal-fetal interface of normal pregnancies. For many of these molecules, significant mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR in decidual and placental tissue throughout gestation. Flow cytometry of isolated cells or immunohistological staining of implantation site sections was then performed. No protein expression of NKG2D ligands or HLA-F could be detected in decidual leukocytes or fetal trophoblast cells from the first trimester. An NKG2D-Fc fusion protein identified no novel ligands for this promiscuous receptor at the maternal-fetal interface. Strong surface protein expression of CD48 by decidual leukocytes but not by trophoblast cells was detected by flow cytometry. Histological staining showed a clear aggregation of CD48(+) cells around transformed spiral arteries of the implantation site.

CONCLUSIONS:

We conclude that the role of NKG2D and 2B4 is not focussed on trophoblast recognition in normal pregnancy, but is more likely involved in cross-talk among maternal cells of the placental bed.

The placenta is responsible for all nutrient and gas exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy. The differentiation of specialised placental epithelial cells called trophoblasts is essential for placental function, but we understand little about how these populations arise. Mouse trophoblast stem cells have allowed us to understand many of the factors that regulate murine trophoblast lineage development, but the human placenta is anatomically very different from the mouse, and it is imperative to isolate a human trophoblast stem cell to understand human placental development. Here we have developed a novel methodology to isolate a Hoechst side-population of trophoblasts from early gestation placentae and compared their transcriptome to differentiated trophoblast populations (cytotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblasts) using microarray technology. Side-population trophoblasts clustered as a transcriptomically distinct population but were more closely related to cytotrophoblasts than extravillous trophoblasts. Side-population trophoblasts up-regulated a number of genes characteristic of trophectoderm and murine trophoblast stem cells in comparison to cytotrophoblasts or extravillous trophoblasts and could be distinguished from both of these more mature populations by a unique set of 22 up-regulated genes, which were enriched for morphogenesis and organ development and the regulation of growth functions. Cells expressing two of these genes (LAMA2 and COL6A3) were distributed throughout the cytotrophoblast layer at the trophoblast/mesenchymal interface. Comparisons to previously published trophoblast progenitor populations suggest that the side-population trophoblasts isolated in this work are a novel human trophoblast population. Future work will determine whether these cells exhibit functional progenitor/stem cell attributes.

The MHC class Ib molecule HLA-G has previously been reported to be the ligand for the NK cell receptor killer Ig-like receptor (KIR)2DL4, but this remains controversial. In this study, we investigated IFN-γ production by freshly isolated NK cells in response to both soluble and solid-phase ligands, including anti-KIR2DL4 mAbs and rHLA-G. Although freshly isolated CD56(bright) NK cells produced IFN-γ in response to soluble HLA-G preparations, the response was found to be absolutely dependent on the presence of small numbers of contaminating CD56(-), CD14(-), CD11c(+) myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). HLA-G tetramers bound only to the contaminating mDCs in the NK preparations, and Abs to KIR2DL4 and HLA-G did not block NK cell IFN-γ production. NK cells did not respond to plate-bound HLA-G. Freshly isolated NK cells also produced IFN-γ in response to unpurified soluble anti-KIR2DL4 mAb but not to low endotoxin affinity-purified Ab. The data suggest that previous reports of functional interactions between KIR2DL4 and HLA-G may have resulted from the use of purified NK cells that were contaminated with mDCs and HLA-G preparations that were contaminated with material capable of stimulating mDCs to produce cytokines that stimulate NK cells to produce IFN-γ.

The expression of human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) in trophoblasts plays a crucial role in successful embryonic implantation, and reduced HLA-G expression might contribute to adverse obstetric outcomes. In this study, we silenced HLA-G expression using RNA interference in JEG-3 cells, resulting in a notably attenuated invasion capacity of the cells in a Transwell assay; however, no alterations in cell proliferation or apoptosis were observed. The down-regulation of HLA-G dampened the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), whereas the up-regulation of HLA-G promoted STAT3 activation and invasion in JEG-3 cells treated with human galectin-1. Most importantly, interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not galectin-1, was shown to rescue invasion deficiency in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, we demonstrate that HLA-G is able to regulate JEG-3 cell invasion by influencing STAT3 activation, which may underlie the implantation defects accompanying HLA-G hypo-expression in pre-eclampsia.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule thought to play a key role in maternal-fetal tolerance. Although initial studies suggested that HLA-G expression is restricted to extravillous cytotrophoblasts, expression was subsequently reported in a wide variety of other human tissues and tumor cells. However, consensus as to the validity of these collective findings has proven difficult because the antibodies used to define the temporal and spatial expression patterns of HLA-G remain incompletely characterized. The aim of our study was to reassess two of the most widely used HLA-G antibodies (MEM-G/9 and 4H84) in HLA-G-positive (JEG-3 and HLA-G transduced) and -negative (dermal fibroblast, mesenchymal stem cell, K562, and Jurkat) lines using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. We found that MEM-G/9 recognized HLA-G3 by flow cytometry, indicating that its epitope is present on the α1 domain of HLA-G. Although 4H84 preferably recognized unfolded HLA-G-free chains, it showed strong non-specificity under certain methodological conditions.

Various attempts have been made to develop stem cell-based therapy to alleviate type I diabetes using animal models. However, it has been a question whether human insulin produced from explanted cells is solely responsible for the normoglycemia of diabetic animals. In this study, we isolated neural crest-like stem cells from the human eyelid fat and examined their therapeutic potentials for diabetes. The human eyelid adipose-derived stem cells (HEACs) displayed characteristics of neural crest cells. Using a two-step culture condition combined with nicotinamide, activin, and/or GLP-1, we differentiated HEACs into insulin-secreting cells and examined in vivo effects of differentiated cells by transplantation experiments. Following differentiation in vitro, HEACs released insulin and c-peptide in a glucose-dependent manner. Upon their transplantation under kidney capsules of streptozotocin-treated immunocompetent mice, we observed normalization of hyperglycemia in 10 of 20 recipient mice until sacrifice after 2 months. Only the human, but not the mouse, insulin and c-peptide were detected in the blood of recipient mice. Removal of the kidneys transplanted with HEACs resulted in a sharp increase of blood glucose level. Removed kidney tissues showed distinct expression of various human genes including insulin, and colocalization of the human insulin and the human nuclear protein in many cells. However, they showed diminished or null expression of some immune-related genes. In conclusion, human insulin alone produced from eyelid-derived stem cells following differentiation into insulin-secreting cells and transplantation could normalize type I diabetes in mice.

Dendritic cells (DC) are strong inducers of immunity but they can also be tolerogenic. During monocyte differentiation to DC the immunosuppressive indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is induced. IDO degrades Trp to kynurenine, which is further metabolized to 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. DC can also express mRNA and protein of the tolerogenic molecule HLA-G, but there is no surface expression. We studied the effect of the Trp degrading pathway on HLA-G expression by DC. When monocytes were differentiated to immature DC in presence of either Trp or its metabolites kynurenine or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid they expressed cell surface HLA-G, and Trp also increased shedding of HLA-G1. Trp induced HLA-G cell surface expression when present during maturation with IFN-gamma+LPS, but not with TNF-alpha. Kynurenine increased HLA-G expression in both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma+LPS matured DC, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid had a very weak effect on HLA-G cell surface expression when present during maturation. Shedding of HLA-G1 was more pronounced in IFN-gamma+LPS-matured DC than in immatured DC. Maturation with IFN-gamma+LPS in presence of kynurenine also increased HLA-G5 secretion. The mechanism involved seems to be post-translational as mRNA and cellular HLA-G protein content was not increased with Trp, kynurenine or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid treatments. Finally, immature DC preincubated with Trp, kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid have after a decreased capacity to stimulate T cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction. In IFN-gamma+LPS-matured DC this decreased capacity was obtained with kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. These results suggest that IDO can induce HLA-G cell surface expression in DC, and that these two molecules can cooperate in the immune suppression.

Nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) and HLA-G molecules differ from classical ones by specific patterns of transcription, protein expression, and immunotolerant functions. The HLA-G molecule can be expressed as four membrane-bound (HLA-G1 to -G4) and three soluble (HLA-G5 to -G7) proteins upon alternative splicing of its primary transcript. In this study, we describe a new set of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) called MEM-G/01, -G/04, -G/09, -G/13, MEM-E/02, and -E/06 recognizing HLA-G or HLA-E. The pattern of reactivity of these mAbs were analyzed on transfected cells by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunochemistry. MEM-G/09 and -G/13 mAbs react exclusively with native HLA-G1 molecules, as the 87G mAb. MEM-G/01 recognizes (similar to the 4H84 mAb) the denatured HLA-G heavy chain of all isoforms, whereas MEM-G/04 recognizes selectively denatured HLA-G1, -G2, and -G5 isoforms. MEM-E/02 and -E/06 mAbs bind the denatured and cell surface HLA-E molecules, respectively. These mAbs were then used to analyze the expression of HLA-G and HLA-E on freshly isolated cytotrophoblast cells, on the JEG-3 placental tumor cell line, and on cryopreserved and paraffin-embedded serial sections of trophoblast tissue. These new mAbs represent valuable tools to study the expression of HLA-G and HLA-E molecules in cells and tissues under normal and pathologic conditions.

RATIONALE:

Amniotic membrane is known to have the ability to transdifferentiate into multiple organs and is expected to stimulate a reduced immunologic reaction.

OBJECTIVE:

Determine whether human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells (hAMCs) can be an ideal allograftable stem cell source for cardiac regenerative medicine.

METHODS AND RESULTS:

We established hAMCs. After cardiomyogenic induction in vitro, hAMCs beat spontaneously, and the calculated cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation efficiency was 33%. Transplantation of hAMCs 2 weeks after myocardial infarction improved impaired left ventricular fractional shortening measured by echocardiogram (34+/-2% [n=8] to 39+/-2% [n=11]; P<0.05) and decreased myocardial fibrosis area (18+/-1% [n=9] to 13+/-1% [n=10]; P<0.05), significantly. Furthermore hAMCs transplanted into the infarcted myocardium of Wistar rats were transdifferentiated into cardiomyocytes in situ and survived for more than 4 weeks after the transplantation without using any immunosuppressant. Immunologic tolerance was caused by the hAMC-derived HLA-G expression, lack of MHC expression of hAMCs, and activation of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells. Administration of IL-10 or progesterone, which is known to play an important role in feto-maternal tolerance during pregnancy, markedly increased HLA-G expression in hAMCs in vitro and, surprisingly, also increased cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation efficiency in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS:

Because hAMCs have a high ability to transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes and to acquire immunologic tolerance in vivo, they can be a promising cellular source for allograftable stem cells for cardiac regenerative medicine.

BACKGROUND:

Early placental and embryo development occur in a physiologically low oxygen environment, with a rise in oxygen tension within the placenta towards the end of the first trimester. Oxygen is implicated in the regulation of trophoblast differentiation and invasion. This study examined the effects of oxygen tension on extravillous trophoblast outgrowth and migration from normal pregnancies free of significant pathology.

METHODS:

Early gestation villous tissue (11-14 weeks gestation), obtained by chorionic villus sampling, was cultured in 3 or 20% oxygen. Maternal and fetal outcomes were ascertained for all samples. The frequency and amount of trophoblast outgrowth and migration from villi were measured for up to 192 h.

RESULTS:

Significantly fewer explants produced outgrowths in 3% compared with 20% oxygen. The number of sites of trophoblast outgrowth and the extent of migration were also significantly less in 3% compared with 20% oxygen. In vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation further reduced trophoblast growth compared with 3% oxygen alone. HLA-G expression in extravillous trophoblasts was not affected by oxygen tension, with HLA-G positive extravillous trophoblasts being universally Ki67 negative.

CONCLUSION:

Human placental villi and extravillous trophoblasts in the late first trimester of pregnancy are sensitive to oxygen tension, with low oxygen inhibiting extravillous trophoblast outgrowth and migration.

OBJECTIVE:

In pregestational diabetes, the placenta at term of gestation is characterized by various structural and functional changes. Whether similar alterations occur in the first trimester has remained elusive. Placental development requires proper trophoblast invasion and tissue remodeling, processes involving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of which the membrane-anchored members (MT-MMPs) such as MT1-MMPs are key players. Here, we hypothesize a dysregulation of placental MT1-MMP in the first trimester of type 1 diabetic pregnancies induced by the diabetic environment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:

MT1-MMP protein was measured in first-trimester placentas of healthy (n = 13) and type 1 diabetic (n = 13) women. To identify potential regulators, first-trimester trophoblasts were cultured under hyperglycemia and various insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations in presence or absence of signaling pathway inhibitors.

RESULTS:

MT1-MMP was strongly expressed in first-trimester trophoblasts. In type 1 diabetes, placental pro-MT1-MMP was upregulated, whereas active MT1-MMP expression was only increased in late first trimester. In isolated primary trophoblasts, insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, and TNF-alpha upregulated MT1-MMP expression, whereas glucose had no effect. The insulin effect was dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, the IGF-I effect on mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the IGF-II effect on both.

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the first study reporting alterations in the first-trimester placenta in type 1 diabetes. The upregulated MT1-MMP expression in type 1 diabetes may be the result of higher maternal insulin and TNF-alpha levels. We speculate that the elevated MT1-MMP will affect placental development and may thus contribute to long-term structural alterations in the placenta in pregestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating into mesenchymal tissues. Fetal and adult MSC have similar morphology but differ in proliferative, differentiating and immunosuppressive properties. Further exploring their differences could help in choosing the right source for cellular therapy.

DESIGN AND METHODS:

The gene expression profiles of undifferentiated MSC derived from first trimester fetal liver and adult bone marrow were compared by serial analysis of gene expression, and validated by either reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or immunoblotting of selected genes. The immunophenotype was compared by flow cytometry and cell ELISA.

RESULTS:

Seventy genes were differentially induced two-fold or more in fetal MSC compared to adult MSC. These involved transcripts regulating germ plasm and limb patterning, brain and early muscle development. Transcripts implicated in cell cycle promotion, chromatin regulation and DNA repair were also more abundant in fetal MSC. Ninety-seven genes were decreased two-fold or more in fetal MSC, including transcripts involved in smooth muscle and keratinocyte differentiation and transcripts for immunological genes. Although phenotypically largely similar, fetal MSC had a higher expression of ICAM1 and contained intracellular deposits of HLA-G while expression of HLA class I and II molecules and VCAM1 was increased in adult MSC.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS:

This study reports the first extensive investigation of the differences in gene expression profiles between fetal and adult MSC. The results suggest that fetal MSC have higher proliferative capacity and are less lineage committed than adult MSC.