Clinically, and in various cardiovascular research areas, protein biomarkers play important roles in diagnosing, monitoring, and in understanding various cardiovascular diseases, providing insights into disease progression, risk assessment, and treatment efficacy. Several markers are particularly important in clinical assessment and management of cardiovascular disease. These include: 1) Troponins, with Troponin I and troponin T highly sensitive and specific markers of cardiac muscle damage. Elevated blood levels indicate myocardial infarction (heart attack), helping diagnose and risk-stratify patients; 2) Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), with elevated CK-MB levels indicating heart muscle damage, primarily used in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Troponins have largely replaced CK-MB due to their higher specificity; 3) B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), with these markers reflecting severity of heart failure. Elevated blood levels indicate increased cardiac stress and can assist in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring; 4) C-reactive Protein (CRP), used as an indicator of inflammation and prediction of cardiovascular risk. High-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) is also used to assess inflammation associated with atherosclerosis and assess overall cardiovascular risk; 5) Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), a cholesterol-rich lipoprotein associated with atherosclerosis. Elevated levels are thought to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Other markers are primarily used in cardiovascular research. These include: 1) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). VEGF promotes angiogenesis, critical for cardiovascular development, wound healing, and diseases such as ischemic heart disease where blood and oxygen are cut off from the heart; 2) Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs). These proteolytic enzymes are involved in extracellular matrix remodelling and play roles in atherosclerosis and vascular remodelling. Their dysregulation also contributes to atherosclerotic plaque instability; 3) Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). PAI-1 regulates fibrinolysis (clot dissolution), with elevated PAI-1 levels associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to impaired clot breakdown; 4) Fibrinogen. Elevated fibrinogen levels contribute to blood clotting and are associated with cardiovascular risk. Fibrinogen is also a marker of inflammation and coagulation; 5) Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). Ox-LDL is a marker of oxidative stress and a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis, promoting endothelial dysfunction and macrophage foam cell formation; 6) Interleukins (ILs). Various ILs contribute to inflammation and immune responses in cardiovascular diseases. IL-6 is associated with atherosclerosis and heart failure, with IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-23 also implicated in inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. We offer a large product catalogue of research reagents for investigating cardiovascular markers, including CD31 antibodies, CD105 antibodies, VEGF Receptor 2 antibodies, CD105 ELISA Kits, and Thrombomodulin ELISA Kits. Explore our full cardiovascular markers product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Cell Markers product range.