Nuclear signalling pathways play roles in controlling gene expression and influencing numerous biological processes within eukaryotic cells. These pathways enable cells to respond to external signals, adapt to changing environmental conditions, and maintain internal homeostasis. Nuclear signalling pathways involve the transduction of extracellular signals, such as hormones, growth factors, or other environmental stimuli, into intracellular responses, with signals received directly or via cell surface receptors. They involve the translocation of transcription factors or regulatory complexes into the cell nucleus allowing them to directly influence gene expression. Transcription factors and coactivators/co-repressors play central roles in controlling the transcription of target genes, either enhancing or suppressing gene expression. For example, the NF-κB pathway is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-κB complexes become activated in response to various stimuli, such as proinflammatory cytokines or exposure to constituents of pathogens. These complexes then translocate into the nucleus, bind specific DNA sequences, and promote the transcription of genes involved in inflammation, immune responses, and cell survival. Dysregulation of NF-κB signalling is associated with diseases such as chronic inflammatory syndromes and cancer. The Wnt pathway is essential for embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and the maintenance of adult stem cell populations. Activation of the Wnt pathway leads to the stabilization of β-catenin, which enters the nucleus and interacts with members of the TCF/LEF (T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor) family of transcription factors. TCF/LEF proteins typically act as transcriptional repressors. When β-catenin binds to TCF/LEF, it converts them into transcriptional activators. This binding displaces co-repressors and recruits co-activators, such as p300/CBP (CREB-binding protein). Dysregulation of Wnt signaling is associated with developmental defects and cancer. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is important during embryogenesis and for tissue development, regulating gene expression that impacts cell differentiation, tissue polarity, and organ development. Dysregulated Hh signaling is implicated in various cancers, including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Hormone-responsive transcription factors regulate gene expression in response to hormonal signals, and contain both DNA-binding and hormone-binding domains. Hormone binding triggers a conformational change that enables the transcription factor to bind to specific DNA sequences (hormone response elements (HREs)) in the promoter regions of target genes, leading to the activation or repression of gene expression. Hormone-responsive transcription factors are critical for coordinating cellular responses to hormones, including those involved in growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis and include the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and thyroid hormone receptor (TR). Finally, the Notch signaling pathway regulates cell fate determination and differentiation during development. It involves the activation of Notch receptors by ligands leading to proteolytic cleavage and nuclear translocation of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). In the nucleus, NICD forms a complex with Mastermind-like (MAML), a transcriptional co-activator. The NICD-MAML complex binds to CSL (CBF1/RBPJκ), bound to specific DNA sequences in the promoters of target genes, with binding converting CSL from a transcriptional repressor to an activator. The NICD-MAML-CSL complex recruit’s additional co-activators and chromatin remodelling factors to enhance transcriptional activation. We provide a wide product range of research tools for studying nuclear signaling pathways, including Estrogen Receptor alpha antibodies, c-Jun antibodies, NF-kB p65 antibodies, NF-kB p65 ELISA Kits, and c-Jun ELISA Kits. Explore our full nuclear signaling pathways product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Nuclear Receptors, NFkB Pathway, and SMADs product ranges.