In research on apoptosis, several markers are commonly used to study and identify apoptotic processes. These markers help researchers detect and analyse various features of apoptosis, such as the activation of specific proteins and the morphological changes associated with programmed cell death. Some commonly used markers in apoptosis research include: 1) Annexin V. Annexin V is a protein that has a high affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS), a lipid exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during apoptosis. Annexin V can be labelled with fluorochromes and used in flow cytometry or microscopy to detect apoptotic cells by their increased PS externalization; 2) TUNEL assay. The Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay is a technique used to detect DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis. It involves labelling the free 3'-OH ends of DNA fragments with a fluorescent or enzymatic marker. TUNEL-positive cells indicate the presence of DNA breaks indicative of apoptosis; 3) Caspase activation assays. Caspases are a family of proteases that play a crucial role in apoptosis. Caspase activation assays involve the detection of activated cleaved caspases by using specific fluorescent substrates or antibodies against active forms of caspases, such as caspase-3, -8, or -9. Activation of caspases indicates the initiation or progression of apoptotic pathways; 4) DNA ladder assay: The DNA ladder assay is a technique used to visualize the DNA fragmentation that occurs during apoptosis. It involves the extraction of DNA from cells and subsequent electrophoresis on agarose gels. Apoptotic cells typically exhibit a characteristic ladder-like appearance on the gel, resulting from the cleavage of genomic DNA into inter-nucleosomal fragments; 5) Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysis. The loss of mitochondrial membrane potential is an early event in apoptosis. Mitochondrial dyes, such as JC-1 or TMRM (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester), are used to assess changes in MMP. A decrease in MMP is indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, a marker of apoptosis; 6) Cleaved PARP (Poly ADP-ribose polymerase). PARP is an enzyme involved in DNA repair and during apoptosis is cleaved by activated caspases. Detection of cleaved PARP by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry can indicate the activation of apoptotic pathways. We offer a wide product range of research reagents for studying apoptotic markers, including Bcl-2 antibodies, AKT1 antibodies, NF-kB p65 antibodies, NF-kB p65 ELISA Kits, and Bad ELISA Kits. Explore our full apoptotic markers product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Metabolism, Apoptotic Markers, and Receptors product ranges.