Cytoplasm Markers

The cytoplasm defines the delicate, semi-fluid intracellular matrix contained within the cell membrane but excluding the nucleus. Forming 70% of cell volume, the cytoplasm provides a medium for essential cellular processes, supporting cell structure, facilitating intracellular transport, and participating in a host of metabolic and signalling pathways. Protein markers can be exploited by researchers to better understand cytoplasmic organisation, cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular responses to various stimuli. The visualisation of marker proteins can be used, alone or in combination, to elucidate protein localisation, interactions and enzymatic activities. Networks of filaments and microtubules create a cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. This scaffold supports the positioning and movement of organelles. The marker proteins vimentin and desmin provide such structural integrity through the formation of intermediate filaments. Vimentin is widely expressed in mesenchymal hence its use for cell migration and tissue development studies. Desmin forms a muscle-specific filament responsible for connecting adjacent sarcomeres within continuous myofibrils. Consequently, desmin is often probed as a cytoplasmic marker in the context of myopathy and mechanical stress. Microtubules represent another component of the cytoskeleton. These dynamic structures consist of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers which polymerise and depolymerise rapidly to mediate a range of cellular processes. These include the intracellular transport of cargo, the nucleation of mitotic spindles during cell division, and the tolerance of compressive loads as motile cells protrude their plasma membranes. Alpha-tubulin represents a common cytoplasmic marker particularly within microscopy-based applications visualising the cytoskeleton in vivo and in real-time. Other cytoplasmic markers are utilised in tissue- or disease-specific contexts. For example, cytokeratin-19 is predominantly found in epithelial and is often used to interrogate pathological changes in cytoskeletal organisation within tumour biology. The cytoplasm integrates signalling pathways with diverse sets of metabolic reactions in order to respond to environmental stresses and maintain cellular homeostasis. One signalling factor in particular, GAPDH, is a well-established cytoplasmic marker due to its high and constitutive expression. Although GAPDH detection is predominantly used in research as a loading control to assess sample normalisation, biochemically it is multifaceted, affecting glycolysis, cytoskeletal dynamics and gene expression. Protein markers provide valuable insights into cellular architecture, cytoskeletal organisation, metabolic regulation and cellular responses to stimuli. We offer a range of antibodies against cytoplasmic markers including Calreticulin antibodies, GAPDH antibodies, HIF-1 alpha antibodies, HSP70 antibodies, and Tau antibodies, covering various host species, clonalities, and conjugates. All our antibodies are validated in multiple applications, and with samples derived from multiple species. Explore the range below and discover more, for less.